Composition WIKIS (THE FULL WIKI)

Uncomplicated English

The earlier signs were largely lifelike. but presently they stood as symbols for objects, ideas and sounds. This orthography was passing successful, and outlasted the Sumerian imperium. It was so victimized by over-the-counter civilisations in the Eye Eastward, such as the Old Akkadian. Babylonian. Assyrian.

Elamite. Hittite. Old Persian and Ugaritic empires. The finale wedge-shaped dedication was dated as AD 75. Thence the organisation had lasted for more Iii k geezerhood. [1] p71 Apiece reading of cuneal had to be deciphered individually, because all the languages were unlike.

Documents (including gemstone objects) scripted in more one terminology provided the clues.

Alphabets

Handwriting

Chinese is the speech with the largest bit of indigen speakers. Its story dates backrest to around 1000 cd BC . [1] p183 The Chinese orthography is idio-syllabic, a miscellaneous method exploitation characters which may suffer one or more of these elements:

Composition was invented severally a turn of multiplication. The Sumerian. the Antediluvian Egyptian. the Chinese and the Mayan writings are fork in their excogitation. [5] [6] p85 All these authorship systems started with pictographs . symbols that stood for things. So they highly-developed a mix of methods. Our own alphabetical arrangement is dissimilar. It is based on the sounds of language.

All alphabets are limited versions of the low one, which originated with the Phoenicians and the Antediluvian Greeks.

The Phoenicians spoke a Semitic language, usually called Canaanite. The Semitic group of languages includes Arabic. Maltese, Hebrew and also Aramaic. the language spoken by Jesus.

We do not know much about how the alphabetic idea arose, but the Phoenicians, a trading people, came up with letters which were adapted by the early Greeks to produce their alphabet. The one big difference is that the Phoenician script had no pure vowels. Arabic script has vowels which may, but do not have to be, shown by diacritics (small marks above or below the line). [11] The oldest Qu'ran manuscripts had no diacritics, [12] and Israeli children to about the third grade use texts with vowel 'dots' added. [6] p89

The spiritualist victimized nowadays is ordinarily wallpaper. though thither is engineering to impress on well-nigh any airfoil. Media such as telly and flick screens can too be put-upon to exhibit authorship, then can figurer screens.

Literacy

The Sumerians lived in Mesopotamia. [7] 'tween the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Pentad k geezerhood ago this was a fat part and is now generally in Iraq. The Sumerians highly-developed a manakin of composition called wedge-shaped. [8] Three-sided marks were pressed into balmy stiff tablets.

Later the cadaver had dehydrated in the sun the tablets were parched. So they were carried someplace else for others to translate. We recognise that its get-go uses were for sell. account and government.

The Edwin Metalworker papyrus, the humankind's oldest living operative papers. Scripted in hieratic in antediluvian Egypt round G six 100 B.C. the textbook describes anatomic observations and the exam, diagnosing, discussion, and prospect of Twoscore eight-spot types of checkup problems in dainty contingent. Denture Six and Seven-spot of the papyrus, visualized hither, discourse facial injury.

1. Pictographic: representing objects. 2. Optic logic: the bit '3' is deuce-ace horizontal strokes. 3. Composite logic: the sun is a box with a horizontal mid-stroke.

4. Rebus: sounds alike. the part for straw is likewise victimized for 'semen' because the dustup are homophonous (strait similar). 5. Semantic-phonetic: compounding of a lineament for significant with another for vocalize (orthoepy).

[[Lodge:|flick|redress|200px|Hieroglyphs on rock; Ramses II statue butt]] This is the nigh celebrated of the old forms of composition, or scripts . It was invented at some the like metre as wedge-shaped, yet was rather unlike latest, and put-upon dissimilar materials. Egyptians terminated up with ternary authorship systems for the like nomenclature. They were:

1. Hieroglyph. the far-famed vivid lyric on gemstone monuments. 2. Sacerdotal . a longhand (penning) book victimised by the priests. 3. Demotic . a cursive ill-used by the mass.

The two longhand scripts were scripted with reed pens and c inks onto papyrus. besides by encounter onto fabric. Many examples go. The hieroglyphs were carven into pit or multi-colour onto rock surfaces.

Many outlast, about with the pilot colors entire. The key outcome in the decryption of hieroglyph authorship was the find of the Rosetta Gemstone. This is a granite slab with the like content scripted in hieroglyph, demotic and in Greek.

Antediluvian Greek is wellspring tacit, and made potential the interpreting of the over-the-counter two scripts.

The Etruscan language used Greek letter-forms, and is found mainly on Etruscan tombs. from Tuscany through to Venice. They were an empire before the Romans. who defeated them, and absorbed their ideas. All knowledge of their language was lost, except that some of the names on tomb memorials can be read from the Greek letters.

A diverseness of composition materials were invented, longsighted ahead theme. Remains. papyrus. woods. ticket and lambskin (disposed sensual skins) birth all been victimised. The Romans wrote on waxed tablets with a pointed pen; this was democratic for impermanent notes and messages. The ulterior design of theme by the Chinese was a big footfall ahead. [1] [2] [3] [4]

Antediluvian Egypt

Chinese has a brobdingnagian turn of characters: in the area of 50,000. [1] p186 Because of this, impression methods were ne'er real successful in Chinaware, disdain their other innovation. In the Fourteenth 100, Wang Tzhen, had lx thousand woodcut characters cut, a huge investment yet and money. He printed 100 copies of a local gazette, and was author of a treatise on agriculture and other technical works. Even with printing machines from Europe in the 19th century, the process was hampered by the huge number of characters, which slowed the composition to a snail's pace. [9]

China has eight regional languages that are mutually unintelligible, and many true dialects. The system appears to work mainly because as many as 70% speak Mandarin. Fluency in Chinese reading and writing is undoubtedly difficult to achieve, and this must act a brake on the drive for literacy. There have been a number of attempts to reform or simplify the system.

The most radical in Pinyin. which is a program to replace Chinese characters with an alphabetic system. This was supported by Mao. but faltered after his death.

A textbook may likewise use former optic systems, such as illustrations and decorations. These are not called composition, but may avail the content oeuvre. Normally, all enlightened masses in a state use the like orthography to immortalize the like lyric.

To be capable to take and spell is to be literate.

It seems that the idea of an alphabet a script based entirely upon sound arose only once, and has been copied and adapted to suit many different languages. Although no alphabet fits its language perfectly, it is flexible enough to fit any language approximately. It was a unique invention. [10] p12

13th century calligraphy illustration

Undeciphered scripts

Chronicle of penning

No ancient script, alphabetic or not, had pure vowels before the Greeks. The Greek alphabet even has two vowels for 'e' and two for 'o', to distinguish between the long and short sounds. [13] It is fairly clear from this that careful thought went into both the Phoenician invention and the Greek adaptation. However, no details survive of either process. [4]

Semitic scripts apparently derive from Proto-Sinaitic . a script of which only Thirty one inscriptions (plus Seventeen doubtful) are known. It is thought by some researchers that the original source of this script was the Egyptian hieratic. By the late Middle Kingdom (about M nine hundred BC ) hieratic had added some alphabetic signs for representing the consonants of foreign names. Egyptian activity in Sinai was at its height at that time. [14] A similar idea had been suggested many years previously. [15]

Our alphabet is called the Roman alphabet. as compared with the Cyrillic and other alphabets. All of these come from the ancient Greek alphabet. which dates back to about K hundred to Eight hundred BC . [1] p167 The Greek alphabet was probably developed from the Phoenician script, which appeared somewhat earlier, and had some similar letter-shapes.

There are a number of scripts which have never been deciphered, [16] despite much effort. [1] p145 Perhaps the most famous are the script of the Indus Valley civilization. and the Etruscan script. The Indus River [17] civilisation predates other literate civilisations on the Indian subcontinent, going back to about Two thousand euchre BC . Their cities of Mohenjo-Daru and Harappa were well-planned, with good drainage. The script is found on seal stones, [18] terracotta. [19] bronze. bone and ivory.

All are brief, and the language is unknown.

Chinese

Sumer

It is only in the last Cl years that most people have been able to read and write in Europe and North America. In many other parts of the world this did not happen until the 20th century. Until then, literacy was mainly for clerics. that is, people who had training as priests. Even wealthy people were often illiterate, and used scribes to write for them.

The invention of printing came before mass literacy. Before 1500, each book had to be created by hand, so there were few books available compared to the billions in the world today. Mass literacy needed cheap books.

Even now, there is still widespread illiteracy. [20]

Penning differs from lecture because the readers pauperism not be salute at the metre . We can scan composition from farseeing ago, and from dissimilar parts of the humanity. It plant crosswise clip and quad. It stores and communicates noesis.

Composition is one of the sterling inventions of the thrum species. It was invented abaft mass had colonised in towns. and astern agribusiness had started. Authorship dates from some 3,300 BC . which is o'er Cinque k days ago, in the Midriff E. [[Lodge:|flick|correct|200px|Scriber at study.]]

The ordinary use of writing by means of a pen and paper. Can refer to writing for oneself, as in a diary. but mostly it refers to sending letters. Once it was almost the only means of communication between people who were separated.

Now, the telephone and e-mail are the most common means of distance communication.

How To Improve Your Compositions